IDEALISM

Idealism is the metaphysical position that reality is fundamentally mental, spiritual, or experiential rather than material.

Ancient roots in Plato. Berkeley's subjective idealism (1710). Kant's transcendental idealism. German and British Idealism.

Plato, Berkeley, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, F.H. Bradley.

Reality fundamentally mental. Matter depends on mind. Consciousness irreducible. Unity of experience requires unifying consciousness.

Dominated 19th-century philosophy. Influenced phenomenology. Contemporary panpsychism revives idealist themes.