JAINISM

Jainism is an ancient Indian religion and philosophy founded by Mahavira emphasizing non-violence, many-sidedness, and spiritual independence through ascetic discipline.

Founded by Mahavira (599-527 BCE). Part of shramana movements. Flourished in ancient and medieval India.

Mahavira, Umasvati, Haribhadra, Akalanka, Hemachandra.

Ahimsa (non-violence). Anekantavada (many-sidedness). Syadvada (conditional predication). Karma as subtle matter. Liberation through asceticism.

Contributed to Indian philosophy. Influenced Gandhi. Relevant to environmental ethics and animal rights.